Method and apparatus for selecting synchronization reference in nr v2x

ABSTRACT

Provided are a method for performing, by a first device, wireless communication, and an apparatus for supporting same. The method may comprise the steps of: receiving, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtaining an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB from among the one or more S-SSBs; and determining, on the basis of the average RSRP value, whether to select the second device as a synchronization reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Field of the Disclosure

This disclosure relates to a wireless communication system.

Related Art

Sidelink (SL) communication is a communication scheme in which a direct link is established between User Equipments (UEs) and the UEs exchange voice and data directly with each other without intervention of an evolved Node B (eNB). SL communication is under consideration as a solution to the overhead of an eNB caused by rapidly increasing data traffic.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) refers to a communication technology through which a vehicle exchanges information with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an object having an infrastructure (or infra) established therein, and so on. The V2X may be divided into 4 types, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). The V2X communication may be provided via a PC5 interface and/or Uu interface.

Meanwhile, as a wider range of communication devices require larger communication capacities, the need for mobile broadband communication that is more enhanced than the existing Radio Access Technology (RAT) is rising. Accordingly, discussions are made on services and user equipment (UE) that are sensitive to reliability and latency. And, a next generation radio access technology that is based on the enhanced mobile broadband communication, massive Machine Type Communication (MTC), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC), and so on, may be referred to as a new radio access technology (RAT) or new radio (NR). Herein, the NR may also support vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication.

FIG. 1 is a drawing for describing V2X communication based on NR, compared to V2X communication based on RAT used before NR. The embodiment of FIG. 1 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Regarding V2X communication, a scheme of providing a safety service, based on a V2X message such as Basic Safety Message (BSM), Cooperative Awareness Message (CAM), and Decentralized Environmental Notification Message (DENM) is focused in the discussion on the RAT used before the NR. The V2X message may include position information, dynamic information, attribute information, or the like. For example, a UE may transmit a periodic message type CAM and/or an event triggered message type DENM to another UE.

For example, the CAM may include dynamic state information of the vehicle such as direction and speed, static data of the vehicle such as a size, and basic vehicle information such as an exterior illumination state, route details, or the like. For example, the UE may broadcast the CAM, and latency of the CAM may be less than 100 ms. For example, the UE may generate the DENM and transmit it to another UE in an unexpected situation such as a vehicle breakdown, accident, or the like. For example, all vehicles within a transmission range of the UE may receive the CAM and/or the DENM. In this case, the DENM may have a higher priority than the CAM.

Thereafter, regarding V2X communication, various V2X scenarios are proposed in NR. For example, the various V2X scenarios may include vehicle platooning, advanced driving, extended sensors, remote driving, or the like.

For example, based on the vehicle platooning, vehicles may move together by dynamically forming a group. For example, in order to perform platoon operations based on the vehicle platooning, the vehicles belonging to the group may receive periodic data from a leading vehicle. For example, the vehicles belonging to the group may decrease or increase an interval between the vehicles by using the periodic data.

For example, based on the advanced driving, the vehicle may be semi-automated or fully automated. For example, each vehicle may adjust trajectories or maneuvers, based on data obtained from a local sensor of a proximity vehicle and/or a proximity logical entity. In addition, for example, each vehicle may share driving intention with proximity vehicles.

For example, based on the extended sensors, raw data, processed data, or live video data obtained through the local sensors may be exchanged between a vehicle, a logical entity, a UE of pedestrians, and/or a V2X application server. Therefore, for example, the vehicle may recognize a more improved environment than an environment in which a self-sensor is used for detection.

For example, based on the remote driving, for a person who cannot drive or a remote vehicle in a dangerous environment, a remote driver or a V2X application may operate or control the remote vehicle. For example, if a route is predictable such as public transportation, cloud computing based driving may be used for the operation or control of the remote vehicle. In addition, for example, an access for a cloud-based back-end service platform may be considered for the remote driving.

Meanwhile, a scheme of specifying service requirements for various V2X scenarios such as vehicle platooning, advanced driving, extended sensors, remote driving, or the like is discussed in NR-based V2X communication.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Technical Objects

Meanwhile, a UE may receive a plurality of S-SSBs within one S-SSB period. In this case, the UE needs to efficiently measure a plurality of S-SSBs in order to (re)select a synchronization reference.

Technical Solutions

In one embodiment, a method for performing wireless communication by a first device is provided. The method may comprise: receiving, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtaining an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs; and determining, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second device as a synchronization reference.

In one embodiment, a first device configured to perform wireless communication is provided. The first device may comprise: one or more memories storing instructions; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers. For example, the one or more processors may execute the instructions to: receive, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtain an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs; and determine, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second device as a synchronization reference.

Effects of the Disclosure

The user equipment (UE) may efficiently perform SL communication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a drawing for describing V2X communication based on NR, compared to V2X communication based on RAT used before NR.

FIG. 2 shows a structure of an NR system, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 shows a radio protocol architecture, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 shows a structure of an NR system, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 shows a structure of a slot of an NR frame, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a BWP, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 shows a radio protocol architecture for a SL communication, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 shows a UE performing V2X or SL communication, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 shows a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a UE based on a transmission mode, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows three cast types, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 shows a synchronization source or synchronization reference of V2X, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 shows a procedure for a UE to (re)select a synchronization reference, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 shows a procedure in which a UE determines whether or not to change a synchronization source, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 shows a method performing wireless communication by a first device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 shows a communication system 1, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 shows wireless devices, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 shows a signal process circuit for a transmission signal, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 shows another example of a wireless device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 shows a hand-held device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 shows a vehicle or an autonomous vehicle, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

In the present disclosure, “A or B” may mean “only A”, “only B” or “both A and B.” In other words, in the present disclosure, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and/or B”. For example, in the present disclosure, “A, B, or C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, C”.

A slash (/) or comma used in the present disclosure may mean “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Accordingly, “A/B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C”.

In the present disclosure, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. In addition, in the present disclosure, the expression “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted as “at least one of A and B”.

In addition, in the present disclosure, “at least one of A, B, and C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, and C”. In addition, “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B, and/or C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and C”.

In addition, a parenthesis used in the present disclosure may mean “for example”. Specifically, when indicated as “control information (PDCCH)”, it may mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. In other words, the “control information” of the present disclosure is not limited to “PDCCH”, and “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of the “control information”. In addition, when indicated as “control information (i.e., PDCCH)”, it may also mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”.

A technical feature described individually in one figure in the present disclosure may be individually implemented, or may be simultaneously implemented.

The technology described below may be used in various wireless communication systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and so on. The CDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA-2000. The TDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as global system for mobile communications (GSM)/general packet ratio service (GPRS)/enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE). The OFDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), and so on. IEEE 802.16m is an evolved version of IEEE 802.16e and provides backward compatibility with a system based on the IEEE 802.16e. The UTRA is part of a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is part of an evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using the E-UTRA. The 3GPP LTE uses the OFDMA in a downlink and uses the SC-FDMA in an uplink. LTE-advanced (LTE-A) is an evolution of the LTE.

5G NR is a successive technology of LTE-A corresponding to a new Clean-slate type mobile communication system having the characteristics of high performance, low latency, high availability, and so on. 5G NR may use resources of all spectrum available for usage including low frequency bands of less than 1 GHz, middle frequency bands ranging from 1 GHz to 10 GHz, high frequency (millimeter waves) of 24 GHz or more, and so on.

For clarity in the description, the following description will mostly focus on LTE-A or 5G NR. However, technical features according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will not be limited only to this.

FIG. 2 shows a structure of an NR system, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 2 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2, a next generation-radio access network (NG-RAN) may include a BS 20 providing a UE 10 with a user plane and control plane protocol termination. For example, the BS 20 may include a next generation-Node B (gNB) and/or an evolved-NodeB (eNB). For example, the UE 10 may be fixed or mobile and may be referred to as other terms, such as a mobile station (MS), a user UE (UT), a subscriber station (SS), a mobile UE (MT), wireless device, and so on. For example, the BS may be referred to as a fixed station which communicates with the UE 10 and may be referred to as other terms, such as a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point (AP), and so on.

The embodiment of FIG. 2 exemplifies a case where only the gNB is included. The BSs 20 may be connected to one another via Xn interface. The BS 20 may be connected to one another via 5th generation (5G) core network (5GC) and NG interface. More specifically, the BSs 20 may be connected to an access and mobility management function (AMF) 30 via NG-C interface, and may be connected to a user plane function (UPF) 30 via NG-U interface.

FIG. 3 shows a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 3 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 3, the gNB may provide functions, such as Inter Cell Radio Resource Management (RRM), Radio Bearer (RB) control, Connection Mobility Control, Radio Admission Control, Measurement Configuration & Provision, Dynamic Resource Allocation, and so on. An AMF may provide functions, such as Non Access Stratum (NAS) security, idle state mobility processing, and so on. A UPF may provide functions, such as Mobility Anchoring, Protocol Data Unit (PDU) processing, and so on. A Session Management Function (SMF) may provide functions, such as user equipment (UE) Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation, PDU session control, and so on.

Layers of a radio interface protocol between the UE and the network can be classified into a first layer (L1), a second layer (L2), and a third layer (L3) based on the lower three layers of the open system interconnection (OSI) model that is well-known in the communication system. Among them, a physical (PHY) layer belonging to the first layer provides an information transfer service by using a physical channel, and a radio resource control (RRC) layer belonging to the third layer serves to control a radio resource between the UE and the network. For this, the RRC layer exchanges an RRC message between the UE and the BS.

FIG. 4 shows a radio protocol architecture, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 4 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 4(a) shows a radio protocol architecture for a user plane, and FIG. 4(b) shows a radio protocol architecture for a control plane. The user plane corresponds to a protocol stack for user data transmission, and the control plane corresponds to a protocol stack for control signal transmission.

Referring to FIG. 4, a physical layer provides an upper layer with an information transfer service through a physical channel. The physical layer is connected to a medium access control (MAC) layer which is an upper layer of the physical layer through a transport channel. Data is transferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer through the transport channel. The transport channel is classified according to how and with what characteristics data is transmitted through a radio interface.

Between different physical layers, i.e., a physical layer of a transmitter and a physical layer of a receiver, data are transferred through the physical channel. The physical channel is modulated using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, and utilizes time and frequency as a radio resource.

The MAC layer provides services to a radio link control (RLC) layer, which is a higher layer of the MAC layer, via a logical channel. The MAC layer provides a function of mapping multiple logical channels to multiple transport channels. The MAC layer also provides a function of logical channel multiplexing by mapping multiple logical channels to a single transport channel. The MAC layer provides data transfer services over logical channels.

The RLC layer performs concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of Radio Link Control Service Data Unit (RLC SDU). In order to ensure diverse quality of service (QoS) required by a radio bearer (RB), the RLC layer provides three types of operation modes, i.e., a transparent mode (TM), an unacknowledged mode (UM), and an acknowledged mode (AM). An AM RLC provides error correction through an automatic repeat request (ARQ).

A radio resource control (RRC) layer is defined only in the control plane. The RRC layer serves to control the logical channel, the transport channel, and the physical channel in association with configuration, reconfiguration and release of RBs. The RB is a logical path provided by the first layer (i.e., the physical layer or the PHY layer) and the second layer (i.e., the MAC layer, the RLC layer, and the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer) for data delivery between the UE and the network.

Functions of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer in the user plane include user data delivery, header compression, and ciphering. Functions of a PDCP layer in the control plane include control-plane data delivery and ciphering/integrity protection.

A service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer is defined only in a user plane. The SDAP layer performs mapping between a Quality of Service (QoS) flow and a data radio bearer (DRB) and QoS flow ID (QFI) marking in both DL and UL packets.

The configuration of the RB implies a process for specifying a radio protocol layer and channel properties to provide a particular service and for determining respective detailed parameters and operations. The RB can be classified into two types, i.e., a signaling RB (SRB) and a data RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a path for transmitting an RRC message in the control plane. The DRB is used as a path for transmitting user data in the user plane.

When an RRC connection is established between an RRC layer of the UE and an RRC layer of the E-UTRAN, the UE is in an RRC_CONNECTED state, and, otherwise, the UE may be in an RRC_IDLE state. In case of the NR, an RRC_INACTIVE state is additionally defined, and a UE being in the RRC_INACTIVE state may maintain its connection with a core network whereas its connection with the BS is released.

Data is transmitted from the network to the UE through a downlink transport channel. Examples of the downlink transport channel include a broadcast channel (BCH) for transmitting system information and a downlink-shared channel (SCH) for transmitting user traffic or control messages. Traffic of downlink multicast or broadcast services or the control messages can be transmitted on the downlink-SCH or an additional downlink multicast channel (MCH). Data is transmitted from the UE to the network through an uplink transport channel. Examples of the uplink transport channel include a random access channel (RACH) for transmitting an initial control message and an uplink SCH for transmitting user traffic or control messages.

Examples of logical channels belonging to a higher channel of the transport channel and mapped onto the transport channels include a broadcast channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), a multicast traffic channel (MTCH), etc.

The physical channel includes several OFDM symbols in a time domain and several sub-carriers in a frequency domain. One sub-frame includes a plurality of OFDM symbols in the time domain. A resource block is a unit of resource allocation, and consists of a plurality of OFDM symbols and a plurality of sub-carriers. Further, each subframe may use specific sub-carriers of specific OFDM symbols (e.g., a first OFDM symbol) of a corresponding subframe for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), i.e., an L1/L2 control channel. A transmission time interval (TTI) is a unit time of subframe transmission.

FIG. 5 shows a structure of an NR system, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 5 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 5, in the NR, a radio frame may be used for performing uplink and downlink transmission. A radio frame has a length of 10 ms and may be defined to be configured of two half-frames (HFs). A half-frame may include five 1 ms subframes (SFs). A subframe (SF) may be divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots within a subframe may be determined based on subcarrier spacing (SCS). Each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP).

In case of using a normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols. In case of using an extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. Herein, a symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) and a Single Carrier-FDMA (SC-FDMA) symbol (or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol).

Table 1 shown below represents an example of a number of symbols per slot (N^(slot) _(symb)), a number slots per frame (N^(frame,u) _(slot)), and a number of slots per subframe (N^(subframe,u) _(slot)) based on an SCS configuration (u), in a case where a normal CP is used.

TABLE 1 SCS (15*2^(u)) N^(slot) _(symb) N^(frame, u) _(slot) N^(subframe, u) _(slot) 15 KHz (u = 0) 14 10 1 30 KHz (u = 1) 14 20 2 60 KHz (u = 2) 14 40 4 120 KHz (u = 3) 14 80 8 240 KHz (u = 4) 14 160 16

Table 2 shows an example of a number of symbols per slot, a number of slots per frame, and a number of slots per subframe based on the SCS, in a case where an extended CP is used.

TABLE 2 SCS (15*2^(u)) N^(slot) _(symb) N^(frame, u) _(slot) N^(subframe, u) _(slot) 60 KHz (u = 2) 12 40 4

In an NR system, OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on) between multiple cells being integrate to one UE may be differently configured. Accordingly, a (absolute time) duration (or section) of a time resource (e.g., subframe, slot or TTI) (collectively referred to as a time unit (TU) for simplicity) being configured of the same number of symbols may be differently configured in the integrated cells.

In the NR, multiple numerologies or SCSs for supporting diverse 5G services may be supported. For example, in case an SCS is 15 kHz, a wide area of the conventional cellular bands may be supported, and, in case an SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz a dense-urban, lower latency, wider carrier bandwidth may be supported. In case the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth that is greater than 24.25 GHz may be used in order to overcome phase noise.

An NR frequency band may be defined as two different types of frequency ranges. The two different types of frequency ranges may be FR1 and FR2. The values of the frequency ranges may be changed (or varied), and, for example, the two different types of frequency ranges may be as shown below in Table 3. Among the frequency ranges that are used in an NR system, FR1 may mean a “sub 6 GHz range”, and FR2 may mean an “above 6 GHz range” and may also be referred to as a millimeter wave (mmW).

TABLE 3 Frequency Range Corresponding Subcarrier designation frequency range Spacing (SCS) FR1  450 MHz-6000 MHz 15, 30, 60 kHz FR2 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 60, 120, 240 kHz

As described above, the values of the frequency ranges in the NR system may be changed (or varied). For example, as shown below in Table 4, FR1 may include a band within a range of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz. More specifically, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on) and higher. For example, a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on) and higher being included in FR1 mat include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for diverse purposes, e.g., the unlicensed band for vehicle-specific communication (e.g., automated driving).

TABLE 4 Frequency Range Corresponding Subcarrier designation frequency range Spacing (SCS) FR1  410 MHz-7125 MHz 15, 30, 60 kHz FR2 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 60, 120, 240 kHz

FIG. 6 shows a structure of a slot of an NR frame, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 6 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 6, a slot includes a plurality of symbols in a time domain. For example, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 14 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 12 symbols. Alternatively, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 7 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6 symbols.

A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain. A Resource Block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive subcarriers (e.g., 12 subcarriers) in the frequency domain. A Bandwidth Part (BWP) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive (Physical) Resource Blocks ((P)RBs) in the frequency domain, and the BWP may correspond to one numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on). A carrier may include a maximum of N number BWPs (e.g., 5 BWPs). Data communication may be performed via an activated BWP. Each element may be referred to as a Resource Element (RE) within a resource grid and one complex symbol may be mapped to each element.

Meanwhile, a radio interface between a UE and another UE or a radio interface between the UE and a network may consist of an L1 layer, an L2 layer, and an L3 layer. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the L1 layer may imply a physical layer. In addition, for example, the L2 layer may imply at least one of a MAC layer, an RLC layer, a PDCP layer, and an SDAP layer. In addition, for example, the L3 layer may imply an RRC layer.

Hereinafter, a bandwidth part (BWP) and a carrier will be described.

The BWP may be a set of consecutive physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a given numerology. The PRB may be selected from consecutive sub-sets of common resource blocks (CRBs) for the given numerology on a given carrier.

When using bandwidth adaptation (BA), a reception bandwidth and transmission bandwidth of a UE are not necessarily as large as a bandwidth of a cell, and the reception bandwidth and transmission bandwidth of the BS may be adjusted. For example, a network/B S may inform the UE of bandwidth adjustment. For example, the UE receive information/configuration for bandwidth adjustment from the network/BS. In this case, the UE may perform bandwidth adjustment based on the received information/configuration. For example, the bandwidth adjustment may include an increase/decrease of the bandwidth, a position change of the bandwidth, or a change in subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth.

For example, the bandwidth may be decreased during a period in which activity is low to save power. For example, the position of the bandwidth may move in a frequency domain. For example, the position of the bandwidth may move in the frequency domain to increase scheduling flexibility. For example, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may be changed. For example, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may be changed to allow a different service. A subset of a total cell bandwidth of a cell may be called a bandwidth part (BWP). The BA may be performed when the BS/network configures the BWP to the UE and the BS/network informs the UE of the BWP currently in an active state among the configured BWPs.

For example, the BWP may be at least any one of an active BWP, an initial BWP, and/or a default BWP. For example, the UE may not monitor downlink radio link quality in a DL BWP other than an active DL BWP on a primary cell (PCell). For example, the UE may not receive PDCCH, physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) (excluding RRM) outside the active DL BWP. For example, the UE may not trigger a channel state information (CSI) report for the inactive DL BWP. For example, the UE may not transmit physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) outside an active UL BWP. For example, in a downlink case, the initial BWP may be given as a consecutive RB set for a remaining minimum system information (RMSI) control resource set (CORESET) (configured by physical broadcast channel (PBCH)). For example, in an uplink case, the initial BWP may be given by system information block (SIB) for a random access procedure. For example, the default BWP may be configured by a higher layer. For example, an initial value of the default BWP may be an initial DL BWP. For energy saving, if the UE fails to detect downlink control information (DCI) during a specific period, the UE may switch the active BWP of the UE to the default BWP.

Meanwhile, the BWP may be defined for SL. The same SL BWP may be used in transmission and reception. For example, a transmitting UE may transmit an SL channel or an SL signal on a specific BWP, and a receiving UE may receive the SL channel or the SL signal on the specific BWP. In a licensed carrier, the SL BWP may be defined separately from a Uu BWP, and the SL BWP may have configuration signaling separate from the Uu BWP. For example, the UE may receive a configuration for the SL BWP from the BS/network. The SL BWP may be (pre-)configured in a carrier with respect to an out-of-coverage NR V2X UE and an RRC_IDLE UE. For the UE in the RRC_CONNECTED mode, at least one SL BWP may be activated in the carrier.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a BWP, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 7 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. It is assumed in the embodiment of FIG. 7 that the number of BWPs is 3.

Referring to FIG. 7, a common resource block (CRB) may be a carrier resource block numbered from one end of a carrier band to the other end thereof. In addition, the PRB may be a resource block numbered within each BWP. A point A may indicate a common reference point for a resource block grid.

The BWP may be configured by a point A, an offset N^(start) _(BWP) from the point A, and a bandwidth N^(size) _(BWP). For example, the point A may be an external reference point of a PRB of a carrier in which a subcarrier 0 of all numerologies (e.g., all numerologies supported by a network on that carrier) is aligned. For example, the offset may be a PRB interval between a lowest subcarrier and the point A in a given numerology. For example, the bandwidth may be the number of PRBs in the given numerology.

Hereinafter, V2X or SL communication will be described.

FIG. 8 shows a radio protocol architecture for a SL communication, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 8 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. More specifically, FIG. 8(a) shows a user plane protocol stack, and FIG. 8(b) shows a control plane protocol stack.

Hereinafter, a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) and synchronization information will be described.

The SLSS may include a primary sidelink synchronization signal (PSSS) and a secondary sidelink synchronization signal (SSSS), as an SL-specific sequence. The PSSS may be referred to as a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), and the SSSS may be referred to as a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS). For example, length-127 M-sequences may be used for the S-PSS, and length-127 gold sequences may be used for the S-SSS. For example, a UE may use the S-PSS for initial signal detection and for synchronization acquisition. For example, the UE may use the S-PSS and the S-SSS for acquisition of detailed synchronization and for detection of a synchronization signal ID.

A physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) may be a (broadcast) channel for transmitting default (system) information which must be first known by the UE before SL signal transmission/reception. For example, the default information may be information related to SLSS, a duplex mode (DM), a time division duplex (TDD) uplink/downlink (UL/DL) configuration, information related to a resource pool, a type of an application related to the SLSS, a subframe offset, broadcast information, or the like. For example, for evaluation of PSBCH performance, in NR V2X, a payload size of the PSBCH may be 56 bits including 24-bit CRC.

The S-PSS, the S-SSS, and the PSBCH may be included in a block format (e.g., SL synchronization signal (SS)/PSBCH block, hereinafter, sidelink-synchronization signal block (S-SSB)) supporting periodical transmission. The S-SSB may have the same numerology (i.e., SCS and CP length) as a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH)/physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) in a carrier, and a transmission bandwidth may exist within a (pre-)configured sidelink (SL) BWP. For example, the S-SSB may have a bandwidth of 11 resource blocks (RBs). For example, the PSBCH may exist across 11 RBs. In addition, a frequency position of the S-SSB may be (pre-)configured. Accordingly, the UE does not have to perform hypothesis detection at frequency to discover the S-SSB in the carrier.

FIG. 9 shows a UE performing V2X or SL communication, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 9 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 9, in V2X or SL communication, the term ‘UE’ may generally imply a UE of a user. However, if a network equipment such as a BS transmits/receives a signal according to a communication scheme between UEs, the BS may also be regarded as a sort of the UE. For example, a UE 1 may be a first apparatus 100, and a UE 2 may be a second apparatus 200.

For example, the UE 1 may select a resource unit corresponding to a specific resource in a resource pool which implies a set of series of resources. In addition, the UE 1 may transmit an SL signal by using the resource unit. For example, a resource pool in which the UE 1 is capable of transmitting a signal may be configured to the UE 2 which is a receiving UE, and the signal of the UE 1 may be detected in the resource pool.

Herein, if the UE 1 is within a connectivity range of the BS, the BS may inform the UE 1 of the resource pool. Otherwise, if the UE 1 is out of the connectivity range of the BS, another UE may inform the UE 1 of the resource pool, or the UE 1 may use a pre-configured resource pool.

In general, the resource pool may be configured in unit of a plurality of resources, and each UE may select a unit of one or a plurality of resources to use it in SL signal transmission thereof.

Hereinafter, resource allocation in SL will be described.

FIG. 10 shows a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a UE based on a transmission mode, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 10 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the transmission mode may be called a mode or a resource allocation mode. Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, in LTE, the transmission mode may be called an LTE transmission mode. In NR, the transmission mode may be called an NR resource allocation mode.

For example, FIG. 10(a) shows a UE operation related to an LTE transmission mode 1 or an LTE transmission mode 3. Alternatively, for example, FIG. 10(a) shows a UE operation related to an NR resource allocation mode 1. For example, the LTE transmission mode 1 may be applied to general SL communication, and the LTE transmission mode 3 may be applied to V2X communication.

For example, FIG. 10(b) shows a UE operation related to an LTE transmission mode 2 or an LTE transmission mode 4. Alternatively, for example, FIG. 10(b) shows a UE operation related to an NR resource allocation mode 2.

Referring to FIG. 10(a), in the LTE transmission mode 1, the LTE transmission mode 3, or the NR resource allocation mode 1, a BS may schedule an SL resource to be used by the UE for SL transmission. For example, the BS may perform resource scheduling to a UE 1 through a PDCCH (more specifically, downlink control information (DCI)), and the UE 1 may perform V2X or SL communication with respect to a UE 2 according to the resource scheduling. For example, the UE 1 may transmit a sidelink control information (SCI) to the UE 2 through a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), and thereafter transmit data based on the SCI to the UE 2 through a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH).

Referring to FIG. 10(b), in the LTE transmission mode 2, the LTE transmission mode 4, or the NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may determine an SL transmission resource within an SL resource configured by a BS/network or a pre-configured SL resource. For example, the configured SL resource or the pre-configured SL resource may be a resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select or schedule a resource for SL transmission. For example, the UE may perform SL communication by autonomously selecting a resource within a configured resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select a resource within a selective window by performing a sensing and resource (re)selection procedure. For example, the sensing may be performed in unit of subchannels. In addition, the UE 1 which has autonomously selected the resource within the resource pool may transmit the SCI to the UE 2 through a PSCCH, and thereafter may transmit data based on the SCI to the UE 2 through a PSSCH.

FIG. 11 shows three cast types, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 11 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 11(a) shows broadcast-type SL communication, FIG. 11(b) shows unicast type-SL communication, and FIG. 11(c) shows groupcast-type SL communication. In case of the unicast-type SL communication, a UE may perform one-to-one communication with respect to another UE. In case of the groupcast-type SL transmission, the UE may perform SL communication with respect to one or more UEs in a group to which the UE belongs. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, SL groupcast communication may be replaced with SL multicast communication, SL one-to-many communication, or the like.

Hereinafter, synchronization acquisition of an SL UE will be described.

In time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, accurate time and frequency synchronization is essential. If the time and frequency synchronization is not accurate, system performance may be degraded due to inter symbol interference (ISI) and inter carrier interference (ICI). The same is true for V2X. In V2X, for time/frequency synchronization, sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) may be used in a physical layer, and master information block-sidelink-V2X (MIB-SL-V2X) may be used in a radio link control (RLC) layer.

FIG. 12 shows a synchronization source or synchronization reference of V2X, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 12 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 12, in V2X, a UE may be directly synchronized with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), or may be indirectly synchronized with the GNSS through a UE (inside network coverage or outside network coverage) directly synchronized with the GNSS. If the GNSS is configured as the synchronization source, the UE may calculate a DFN and a subframe number by using a coordinated universal time (UTC) and a (pre-)configured direct frame number (DFN) offset.

Alternatively, the UE may be directly synchronized with a BS, or may be synchronized with another UE which is time/frequency-synchronized with the BS. For example, the BS may be an eNB or a gNB. For example, if the UE is inside the network coverage, the UE may receive synchronization information provided by the BS, and may be directly synchronized with the BS. Thereafter, the UE may provide the synchronization information to adjacent another UE. If BS timing is configured based on synchronization, for synchronization and downlink measurement, the UE may be dependent on a cell related to a corresponding frequency (when it is inside the cell coverage at the frequency), or a primary cell or a serving cell (when it is outside the cell coverage at the frequency).

The BS (e.g., serving cell) may provide a synchronization configuration for a carrier used in V2X or SL communication. In this case, the UE may conform to the synchronization configuration received from the BS. If the UE fails to detect any cell in a carrier used in the V2X or SL communication and fails to receive the synchronization configuration from the serving cell, the UE may conform to a pre-configured synchronization configuration.

Alternatively, the UE may be synchronized with another UE which fails to obtain synchronization information directly or indirectly from the BS or the GNSS. A synchronization source or preference may be pre-configured to the UE. Alternatively, the synchronization source and preference may be configured through a control message provided by the BS.

An SL synchronization source may be associated/related with a synchronization priority. For example, a relation between the synchronization source and the synchronization priority may be defined as shown in Table 5 or Table 6. Table 5 or Table 6 are for exemplary purposes only, and the relation between the synchronization source and the synchronization priority may be defined in various forms.

TABLE 5 Priority GNSS-based eNB/gNB-based level synchronization synchronization P0 GNSS BS P1 All UEs directly All UEs directly synchronized synchronized with GNSS with BS P2 All UEs indirectly All UEs indirectly synchronized synchronized with GNSS with BS P3 All other UEs GNSS P4 N/A All UEs directly synchronized with GNSS P5 N/A All UEs indirectly synchronized with GNSS P6 N/A All other UEs

TABLE 6 Priority GNSS-based eNB/gNB-based level synchronization synchronization P0 GNSS BS P1 All UEs directly All UEs directly synchronized synchronized with GNSS with BS P2 All UEs indirectly All UEs indirectly synchronized synchronized with GNSS with BS P3 BS GNSS P4 All UEs directly All UEs directly synchronized synchronized with BS with GNSS P5 All UEs indirectly All UEs indirectly synchronized synchronized with BS with GNSS P6 Remaining UE(s) Remaining UE(s) having low having low priority priority

In Table 5 or Table 6, PO may denote a highest priority, and P6 may denote a lowest priority. In Table 5 or Table 6, the BS may include at least one of a gNB and an eNB.

Whether to use GNSS-based synchronization or BS-based synchronization may be (pre-)configured. In a single-carrier operation, the UE may derive transmission timing of the UE from an available synchronization reference having the highest priority.

Meanwhile, as described above, sidelink synchronization signal block (S-SSB) used for initial access of the V2X communication system may include a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS) and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH). For example, the S-PSS may be a signal used by the UE for initial signal detection and acquisition of synchronization. For example, the S-SSS may be a signal used by the UE to obtain detailed synchronization and to detect a synchronization signal ID together with the S-PSS. For example, the PSBCH may be a signal used by the UE to signal basic system information (e.g., a Master Information Block (MIB)). Accordingly, each signal included in the S-SSB may be a very important signal used by the UE to obtain synchronization and basic system information. Therefore, for normal data communication, the UE should initially perform a process of receiving and decoding the S-SSB.

Meanwhile, a UE performing SL communication may maintain synchronization with each other for communication with other UEs, through SSB signals transmitted by a base station, S-SSB signals transmitted by a UE, and/or signals transmitted by a GNSS. In addition, the UE performing SL communication may maintain current synchronization and simultaneously search for a surrounding synchronization source. For example, the UE may select synchronization signal(s) capable of providing better synchronization performance by comparing synchronization signal(s) being used to maintain the current synchronization with new synchronization signal(s) discovered through surrounding search. In addition, the UE may perform a synchronization operation based on the selected synchronization signal(s).

Based on various embodiments of the present disclosure, a method for a UE to search for surrounding synchronization signal(s), and to select/change a synchronization source based on a result of the search, and an apparatus supporting the same are proposed.

For example, the UE may perform a process of detecting S-SSB signal(s) in order to detect/search whether there is a signal that can be used as a new synchronization source in surroundings. If the UE detects S-SSB signal(s) having a new SLSS ID from surroundings, the UE may measure reference signal received power (RSRP) in order to measure the quality of new synchronization signal(s). For example, the UE may measure RSRP by using S-PSS(s) or S-SSS(s) or PSBCH DM-RS signal(s) among S-SSB signal(s) having the same SLSS ID. In the present disclosure, the PSBCH DM-RS(s) may be DM-RS(s) transmitted through a PSBCH. Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in the process of processing S-SSB signal(s) having the same SLSS ID.

For example, S-SSB(s) may be transmitted periodically. For example, within one period, one or more S-SSBs may be transmitted. For convenience of explanation, one or more S-SSB signals transmitted within one period may be referred to as an S-SSB set. A master information block (MIB), which is basic system information, may be transmitted through a PSBCH in the S-SSB, and the same MIB may be transmitted in a plurality of S-SSB sets. In this case, a period in which the same MIB information is transmitted and a period in which the S-SSB set is transmitted may be different from each other.

FIG. 13 shows a procedure for a UE to (re)select a synchronization reference, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 13 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 13, in step S1310, the UE may receive a plurality of S-SSBs. For example, a UE #1 may transmit a plurality of S-SSBs, and a UE #N may transmit a plurality of S-SSBs.

In step S1320, the UE may measure RSRP for one or more S-SSBs among a plurality of S-SSBs.

For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals that have succeeded in detecting S-PSS(s) and S-SSS(s). For example, the UE may measure RSRP only for S-SSB(s) that has succeeded in decoding of PSBCH(s). For example, the UE may measure RSRP only for S-SSB signal(s) in which the power value of S-PSS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value. For example, the UE may measure RSRP only for S-SSB(s) signal in which the power value of S-SSS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value. For example, the UE may measure RSRP only for S-SSB signal(s) in which the power value of PSBCH DM-RS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value. For example, the specific threshold value may be pre-defined for the UE. For example, the specific threshold value may be pre-configured or configured for the UE. For example, the specific threshold value may be signaled to the UE. For example, a base station/network may transmit information related to the specific threshold value to the UE.

For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in S-SSB set(s) including S-SSB(s) that has succeeded in detecting S-PSS(s) and S-SSS(s). For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in S-SSB set(s) including S-SSB(s) that has succeeded in decoding of PSBCH(s). For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in S-SSB set(s) including S-SSB(s) in which power value(s) of S-PSS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value. For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in S-SSB set(s) including S-SSB(s) in which power value(s) of S-SSS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value. For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in S-SSB set(s) including S-SSB(s) in which power value(s) of PSBCH DM-RS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value. For example, the specific threshold value may be pre-defined for the UE. For example, the specific threshold may be pre-configured or configured for the UE. For example, a specific threshold value may be signaled to the UE. For example, a base station/network may transmit information related to the specific threshold value to the UE.

For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in all S-SSB sets within a MIB period in which a same MIB information, as a basic system information (e.g., MIB) transmitted through PSBCH(s) in S-SSB(s) that has succeeded in detecting S-PSS(s) and S-SSS(s), is transmitted. For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all SSB signals in all SSB sets within a MIB period in which a same MIB information, as a basic system information (e.g., MIB) transmitted through PSBCH(s) in S-SSB(s) that has succeeded in decoding of PBSCH(s), is transmitted. For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in all S-SSB sets within a MIB period in which a same MIB information, as a basic system information (e.g., MIB) transmitted through PSBCH(s) in S-SSB(s) in which power value(s) of S-PSS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value, is transmitted. For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in all S-SSB sets within a MIB period in which a same MIB information, as a basic system information (e.g., MIB) transmitted through PSBCH(s) in S-SSB(s) in which power value(s) of S-SSS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value, is transmitted. For example, the UE may measure RSRP for all S-SSB signals in all S-SSB sets within a MIB period in which a same MIB information, as a basic system information (e.g., MIB) transmitted through PSBCH(s) in S-SSB(s) in which power value(s) of PSBCH DM-RS(s) is greater than or equal to a specific threshold value, is transmitted. For example, a specific threshold value may be pre-defined for the UE. For example, a specific threshold value may be pre-configured or configured for the UE. For example, a specific threshold value may be signaled to the UE. For example, a base station/network may transmit information related to the specific threshold value to the UE.

For example, the UE may average RSRP measurement values measured for S-PSS(s) or S-SSS(s) or PSBCH DM-RS(s) in S-SSB(s) through L3 filtering (Layer-3 filtering). For example, after the UE averages RSRP measurement values measured for S-PSS(s) or S-SSS(s) or PSBCH DM-RS(s) in S-SSB(s) through L1 filtering (Layer-1 filtering), the UE may re-average the averaged RSRP measurement values through L3 filtering. In this case, for example, as explained before in the process of measuring RSRP, the UE may perform L1 averaging or L3 averaging, for all S-SSBs measuring RSRP. For example, as explained before in the process of measuring the RSRP, the UE may perform L1 averaging or L3 averaging in units of S-SSB set(s). For example, as explained before in the process of measuring RSRP, the UE may perform L1 averaging or L3 averaging in units of all S-SSB sets within a MIB period. For example, the UE may perform L3 filtering based on Table 7.

TABLE 7 The UE shall:  1>for each cell measurement quantity, each beam measurement quantity anti for each   CLI measurement quantity that the UE performs measurements according to 5.5.3.1:   2>filter the measured result, before using for evaluation of reporting criteria or for    measurement reporting, by the following formula:       F_(n) = (1 − a)*F_(n − 1) + a*M_(n)    where     M_(n) is the latest received measurement result from the physical layer;     F_(n) is the updated filtered measurement result, that is used for evaluation of      reporting criteria or for measurement reporting;     F_(n − 1) is the old filtered measurement result, where F₀ is set to M₁ when the first      measurement result from the physical layer is received; and for      MeasObjectNR, a = 1/2^((ki/4)), where k_(i) is the filterCoefficient for the      corresponding measurement quantity of the i:th QuantityConfigNR in      quantityConfigNR-List and i is indicated by quantityConfigIndex in      MeasObjectNR; for other measurements, a = 1/2^((k/4)), where k is the      filterCoefficient for the corresponding measurement quantity received by the      quantityConfig; for UTRA-FDD, a = 1/2^((k/4),) where k is the filterCoefficient      for the corresponding measurement quantity received by      quantityConfigUTRA-FDD in the QuantityConfig;   2>adapt the filter such that the time characteristics of the filter are preserved at    different input rates, observing that the filterCoefficient k assumes a sample rate    equal to X ms; The value of X is equivalent to one intra-frequency L1    measurement period as defined in TS 38.133 assuming non-DRX operation, and    depends on frequency range.

For example, by applying beamforming, if each S-SSB is used for specific beam(s) for a plurality of S-SSBs in S-SSB set(s), or if each S-SSB set is used for a specific beam for a plurality of S-SSB set within a MIB period, the UE may perform L1 averaging and/or L3 averaging only for same beam(s). The UE may finally select a beam having the largest RSRP value among L1-averaged RSRP for each beam or L3-averaged RSRP for each beam. In addition, the UE may select S-SSB signal(s) corresponding to the selected beam as a synchronization signal and use the S-SSB signal(s).

For example, if the UE performs L1 averaging and/or L3 averaging for RSRP explained in all the above processes, then the UE may perform L1 averaging and/or perform L3 averaging, using only RSRP value(s) measured above a specific threshold value as input value(s). For example, the specific threshold value may be pre-defined for the UE. For example, the specific threshold value may be pre-configured or configured for the UE. For example, a specific threshold value may be signaled to the UE. For example, a base station/network may transmit information related to the specific threshold value to the UE.

In step S1330, the UE may (re)select a synchronization reference based on the obtained RSRP value. For example, if RSRP value(s) for current synchronization signal(s) is less than or equal to a first threshold value based on the measured and calculated L1 RSRP and/or L3 RSRP value, and/or if RSRP value(s) for a synchronization reference having a new SL SSID is greater than or equal to a second threshold value, and/or if RSRP value(s) for new synchronization signal(s) is greater than or equal to a third threshold value based on RSRP value(s) for existing synchronization signal(s), the UE may select new synchronization signal(s) as a synchronization source, and the UE may hereafter perform a synchronization process. For example, first to third threshold values may be pre-defined for the UE. For example, first to third threshold values may be pre-configured or configured for the UE. For example, first to third threshold values may be signaled to the UE. For example, a base station/network may transmit information related to the first to third threshold values to the UE.

Based on various embodiments of the present disclosure, the UE may detect SL synchronization signal(s) in addition to synchronization signal(s) currently used as a synchronization source, and may determine whether or not to use SL synchronization signal(s) as a new synchronization source. In this process, the UE may efficiently determine a new synchronization source based on RSRP value(s) for synchronization signal(s). Based on various embodiments of the present disclosure, the UE may obtain L1-averaged RSRP value for a plurality of repeatedly transmitted S-SSBs, and the UE may re-use the L1-averaged RSRP value as input value(s) for L3 averaging. Through this, the UE may stably determine the reliability of synchronization signal(s).

FIG. 14 shows a procedure in which a UE determines whether or not to change a synchronization source, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 14 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 14, in step S1410, the UE may receive SSB signal set(s) including a plurality of S-SSB signals transmitted within a certain period based on a MIB. In step S1420, the UE may measure the quality of the SSB signal set(s) by sequentially performing L1 (i.e., physical layer) averaging and L3 averaging for RSRP value(s) measured for SSB signal set(s). Specifically, the UE may perform averaging based on filtering within L1 (or physical layer) for RSRP value(s) measured for SSB signal set(s), and the UE may use RSRP value(s) (or second RSRP value(s)) as a measured quality for the SSB signal set, the second RSRP value(s) on which averaging the RSRP value(s) (or first RSRP value(s)) on which the averaging is performed within L1 has been additionally performed based on filtering within L3. Next, in step S1430, the UE may determine whether or not to change a synchronization source based on the quality measured for the SSB signal set(s). The UE may determine whether or not to change the synchronization source to a synchronization source corresponding to SSB signal set(s) based on the measured quality and RSRP value(s) of current synchronization signal(s).

FIG. 15 shows a method performing wireless communication by a first device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. An embodiment of FIG. 15 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 15, in step S1510, a first device may receive, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH). In step S1520, the first device may obtain an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs. In step S1530, the first device may determine, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second device as a synchronization reference.

For example, obtaining the average RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs comprises: measuring at least one RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs, and obtaining the average RSRP value based on a filtering for the at least one RSRP value. For example, the average RSRP value may be an average RSRP value filtered by the physical layer of the first device. For example, the average RSRP value may be an average RSRP value filtered by the RRC (Radio Resource Control) layer of the first device. For example, the average RSRP value may be an average RSRP value in which the RRC layer of the first device has filtered an average RSRP value which is filtered by the physical layer of the first device.

For example, the at least one S-SSB may be at least one S-SSB in which the first device successfully detects the S-PSS and the S-SSS among the one or more S-SSBs. For example, the at least one S-SSB may be all S-SSB in SSB set(s) including at least one S-SSB in which the first device successfully detects the S-PSS and the S-SSS among the one or more S-SSBs.

For example, the at least one S-SSB may be at least one S-SSB in which the first device successfully decodes the PSBCH among the one or more S-SSBs. For example, the at least one S-SSB may be all S-SSB in SSB set(s) including at least one S-SSB in which the first device successfully decodes the PSBCH among the one or more S-SSBs.

For example, the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB, in which an RSRP value measured by the first device is equal to or greater than a threshold value, among the one or more S-SSBs. For example, the at least one S-SSB may be all S-SSB in SSB set(s) including at least one S-SSB, in which an RSRP value measured by the first device is equal to or greater than a threshold value, among the one or more S-SSBs.

For example, the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB within a MIB transmission period in which a same MIB, as a MIB received through the PSBCH on a S-SSB in which the first device successfully detects the S-PSS and the S-SSS, is transmitted. For example, the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB within a MIB transmission period in which a same MIB, as a MIB received through the PSBCH which is successfully decoded by the first device, is transmitted.

For example, the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB within a MIB transmission period in which a same MIB, as a MIB received through the PSBCH on the S-SSB in which the RSRP value measured by the first device is equal to or greater than a threshold value, is transmitted.

For example, the one or more S-SSBs may be received through a plurality of beams. Here, the average RSRP value may be obtained for each of the plurality of beams.

For example, based on the average RSRP value, the second device may be selected as a synchronization reference. Additionally, for example, the first device may select a third device as a synchronization reference based on a synchronization priority, wherein the first device includes one or more S-SSBs including S-PSS, S-SSS and PSBCH.

For example, based on the average RSRP value being greater than or equal to a first threshold value, the second may be selected as a synchronization reference. Additionally, for example, based on the synchronization priority, the first device may select a third device as a synchronization reference, and the first device may receive one or more S-SSBs including S-PSS, S-SSS, and PSBCH from the third device. For example, the second device can be re-selected based on the synchronization reference, wherein the RSRP value measured by the first device based on at least one S-SSB received from the third device is smaller than the average RSRP value, and a difference between the RSRP value measured based on at least one S-SSB received from the third device.

For example, obtaining the average RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs may comprise: measuring at least one RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs, and obtaining the average RSRP value based on a filtering for the at least one RSRP value. For example, the one or more S-SSBs may be transmitted within one S-SSB transmission period, and the filtering may be performed in units of a S-SSB transmission period.

For example, obtaining the average RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs may comprise: measuring a plurality of RSRP values for a plurality of representative S-SSBs among a plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within a plurality of S-SSB transmission periods; and obtaining the average RSRP value based on a filtering for the plurality of RSRP values. For example, a representative S-SSB may be transmitted within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods, and the representative S-SSB may be one S-SSB among a plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within one S-SSB transmission period. For example, the representative S-SSB may be the one S-SSB related with a largest RSRP value or related with a smallest RSRP value, among the plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within the one S-SSB transmission period. For example, a location of the representative S-SSB transmitted within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods may be configured identically within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods. For example, a location of the representative S-SSB transmitted within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods may be configured independently within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods.

The proposed method may be applied to a device to be explained below. First, a processor (102) of A first device (100) may control a transceiver (106) to receive, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH). In addition, the processor (102) of the first device (100) may obtain an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs. In addition, the processor (102) of the first device (100) may determine, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second device as a synchronization reference.

Based on an embodiment of the present disclosure, a first device for performing wireless communication may be provided. For example, the first device may comprise one or more memories storing instructions; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories. For example, the one or more processors execute the instructions to: receive, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtain an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs; and determine, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second device as a synchronization reference.

Based on an embodiment of the present disclosure, an apparatus configured to control a first UE is provided. For example, the apparatus may comprise one or more processors; and one or more memories operably connectable to the one or more processors and storing instructions. For example, the one or more processors may execute the instructions to: receive, from a second UE, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtain an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs; and determine, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second UE as a synchronization reference.

Based on an embodiment of the present disclosure, A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions may be provided. The instructions, when executed by one and more processors, cause the one and more processors to: by a first device, receive from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); by the first device, obtain an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs; and by the first device, determine, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second device as a synchronization reference.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined with each other.

Hereinafter, device(s) to which various embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied will be described.

The various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure described in this document may be applied to, without being limited to, a variety of fields requiring wireless communication/connection (e.g., 5G) between devices.

Hereinafter, a description will be given in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings/description, the same reference symbols may denote the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or functional blocks unless described otherwise.

FIG. 16 shows a communication system 1, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 16, a communication system 1 to which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied includes wireless devices, Base Stations (BSs), and a network. Herein, the wireless devices represent devices performing communication using Radio Access Technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G New RAT (NR)) or Long-Term Evolution (LTE)) and may be referred to as communication/radio/5G devices. The wireless devices may include, without being limited to, a robot 100 a, vehicles 100 b-1 and 100 b-2, an eXtended Reality (XR) device 100 c, a hand-held device 100 d, a home appliance 100 e, an Internet of Things (IoT) device 100 f, and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) device/server 400. For example, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performing communication between vehicles. Herein, the vehicles may include an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device may include an Augmented Reality (AR)/Virtual Reality (VR)/Mixed Reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device (HMD), a Head-Up Display (HUD) mounted in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The home appliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. The IoT device may include a sensor and a smartmeter. For example, the BSs and the network may be implemented as wireless devices and a specific wireless device 200 a may operate as a B S/network node with respect to other wireless devices.

The wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connected to the network 300 via the BSs 200. An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f and the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connected to the AI server 400 via the network 300. The network 300 may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g., NR) network. Although the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may communicate with each other through the BSs 200/network 300, the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) with each other without passing through the BSs/network. For example, the vehicles 100 b-1 and 100 b-2 may perform direct communication (e.g. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)/Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). The IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices 100 a to 100 f.

Wireless communication/connections 150 a, 150 b, or 150 c may be established between the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f/BS 200, or BS 200/BS 200. Herein, the wireless communication/connections may be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication 150 a, sidelink communication 150 b (or, D2D communication), or inter BS communication (e.g., relay, Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB)). The wireless devices and the BSs/the wireless devices may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through the wireless communication/connections 150 a and 150 b. For example, the wireless communication/connections 150 a and 150 b may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a part of various configuration information configuring processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/demapping), and resource allocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may be performed based on the various proposals of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 shows wireless devices, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 17, a first wireless device 100 and a second wireless device 200 may transmit radio signals through a variety of RATs (e.g., LTE and NR). Herein, {the first wireless device 100 and the second wireless device 200} may correspond to {the wireless device 100 x and the BS 200} and/or {the wireless device 100 x and the wireless device 100 x} of FIG. 16.

The first wireless device 100 may include one or more processors 102 and one or more memories 104 and additionally further include one or more transceivers 106 and/or one or more antennas 108. The processor(s) 102 may control the memory(s) 104 and/or the transceiver(s) 106 and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s) 102 may process information within the memory(s) 104 to generate first information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the first information/signals through the transceiver(s) 106. The processor(s) 102 may receive radio signals including second information/signals through the transceiver 106 and then store information obtained by processing the second information/signals in the memory(s) 104. The memory(s) 104 may be connected to the processor(s) 102 and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s) 102. For example, the memory(s) 104 may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s) 102 or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s) 102 and the memory(s) 104 may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s) 106 may be connected to the processor(s) 102 and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 108. Each of the transceiver(s) 106 may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s) 106 may be interchangeably used with Radio Frequency (RF) unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device 200 may include one or more processors 202 and one or more memories 204 and additionally further include one or more transceivers 206 and/or one or more antennas 208. The processor(s) 202 may control the memory(s) 204 and/or the transceiver(s) 206 and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s) 202 may process information within the memory(s) 204 to generate third information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the third information/signals through the transceiver(s) 206. The processor(s) 202 may receive radio signals including fourth information/signals through the transceiver(s) 106 and then store information obtained by processing the fourth information/signals in the memory(s) 204. The memory(s) 204 may be connected to the processor(s) 202 and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s) 202. For example, the memory(s) 204 may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s) 202 or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s) 202 and the memory(s) 204 may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s) 206 may be connected to the processor(s) 202 and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 208. Each of the transceiver(s) 206 may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s) 206 may be interchangeably used with RF unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices 100 and 200 will be described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors 102 and 202. For example, the one or more processors 102 and 202 may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors 102 and 202 may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Unit (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document and provide the generated signals to the one or more transceivers 106 and 206. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may receive the signals (e.g., baseband signals) from the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 and acquire the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.

The one or more processors 102 and 202 may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmware or software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the one or more processors 102 and 202 or stored in the one or more memories 104 and 204 so as to be driven by the one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands.

The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to the one or more processors 102 and 202 and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be configured by Read-Only Memories (ROMs), Random Access Memories (RAMs), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be located at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors 102 and 202. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to the one or more processors 102 and 202 through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection.

The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may transmit user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of this document, to one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, from one or more other devices. For example, the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected to the one or more processors 102 and 202 and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors 102 and 202 may perform control so that the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may perform control so that the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected to the one or more antennas 108 and 208 and the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, through the one or more antennas 108 and 208. In this document, the one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may convert received radio signals/channels etc. from RF band signals into baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. using the one or more processors 102 and 202. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. processed using the one or more processors 102 and 202 from the base band signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters.

FIG. 18 shows a signal process circuit for a transmission signal, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 18, a signal processing circuit 1000 may include scramblers 1010, modulators 1020, a layer mapper 1030, a precoder 1040, resource mappers 1050, and signal generators 1060. An operation/function of FIG. 18 may be performed, without being limited to, the processors 102 and 202 and/or the transceivers 106 and 206 of FIG. 17. Hardware elements of FIG. 18 may be implemented by the processors 102 and 202 and/or the transceivers 106 and 206 of FIG. 17. For example, blocks 1010 to 1060 may be implemented by the processors 102 and 202 of FIG. 17. Alternatively, the blocks 1010 to 1050 may be implemented by the processors 102 and 202 of FIG. 17 and the block 1060 may be implemented by the transceivers 106 and 206 of FIG. 17.

Codewords may be converted into radio signals via the signal processing circuit 1000 of FIG. 18. Herein, the codewords are encoded bit sequences of information blocks. The information blocks may include transport blocks (e.g., a UL-SCH transport block, a DL-SCH transport block). The radio signals may be transmitted through various physical channels (e.g., a PUSCH and a PDSCH).

Specifically, the codewords may be converted into scrambled bit sequences by the scramblers 1010. Scramble sequences used for scrambling may be generated based on an initialization value, and the initialization value may include ID information of a wireless device. The scrambled bit sequences may be modulated to modulation symbol sequences by the modulators 1020. A modulation scheme may include pi/2-Binary Phase Shift Keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-Phase Shift Keying (m-PSK), and m-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (m-QAM). Complex modulation symbol sequences may be mapped to one or more transport layers by the layer mapper 1030. Modulation symbols of each transport layer may be mapped (precoded) to corresponding antenna port(s) by the precoder 1040. Outputs z of the precoder 1040 may be obtained by multiplying outputs y of the layer mapper 1030 by an N*M precoding matrix W. Herein, N is the number of antenna ports and M is the number of transport layers. The precoder 1040 may perform precoding after performing transform precoding (e.g., DFT) for complex modulation symbols. Alternatively, the precoder 1040 may perform precoding without performing transform precoding.

The resource mappers 1050 may map modulation symbols of each antenna port to time-frequency resources. The time-frequency resources may include a plurality of symbols (e.g., a CP-OFDMA symbols and DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in the time domain and a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. The signal generators 1060 may generate radio signals from the mapped modulation symbols and the generated radio signals may be transmitted to other devices through each antenna. For this purpose, the signal generators 1060 may include Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) modules, Cyclic Prefix (CP) inserters, Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs), and frequency up-converters.

Signal processing procedures for a signal received in the wireless device may be configured in a reverse manner of the signal processing procedures 1010 to 1060 of FIG. 18. For example, the wireless devices (e.g., 100 and 200 of FIG. 17) may receive radio signals from the exterior through the antenna ports/transceivers. The received radio signals may be converted into baseband signals through signal restorers. To this end, the signal restorers may include frequency downlink converters, Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), CP remover, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) modules. Next, the baseband signals may be restored to codewords through a resource demapping procedure, a postcoding procedure, a demodulation processor, and a descrambling procedure. The codewords may be restored to original information blocks through decoding. Therefore, a signal processing circuit (not illustrated) for a reception signal may include signal restorers, resource demappers, a postcoder, demodulators, descramblers, and decoders.

FIG. 19 shows another example of a wireless device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The wireless device may be implemented in various forms according to a use-case/service (refer to FIG. 16).

Referring to FIG. 19, wireless devices 100 and 200 may correspond to the wireless devices 100 and 200 of FIG. 17 and may be configured by various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. For example, each of the wireless devices 100 and 200 may include a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, and additional components 140. The communication unit may include a communication circuit 112 and transceiver(s) 114. For example, the communication circuit 112 may include the one or more processors 102 and 202 and/or the one or more memories 104 and 204 of FIG. 17. For example, the transceiver(s) 114 may include the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 and/or the one or more antennas 108 and 208 of FIG. 17. The control unit 120 is electrically connected to the communication unit 110, the memory 130, and the additional components 140 and controls overall operation of the wireless devices. For example, the control unit 120 may control an electric/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit 130. The control unit 120 may transmit the information stored in the memory unit 130 to the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit 110 through a wireless/wired interface or store, in the memory unit 130, information received through the wireless/wired interface from the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit 110.

The additional components 140 may be variously configured according to types of wireless devices. For example, the additional components 140 may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O) unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. The wireless device may be implemented in the form of, without being limited to, the robot (100 a of FIG. 16), the vehicles (100 b-1 and 100 b-2 of FIG. 16), the XR device (100 c of FIG. 16), the hand-held device (100 d of FIG. 16), the home appliance (100 e of FIG. 16), the IoT device (100 f of FIG. 16), a digital broadcast UE, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medicine device, a fintech device (or a finance device), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AI server/device (400 of FIG. 16), the BSs (200 of FIG. 16), a network node, etc. The wireless device may be used in a mobile or fixed place according to a use-example/service.

In FIG. 19, the entirety of the various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules in the wireless devices 100 and 200 may be connected to each other through a wired interface or at least a part thereof may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110. For example, in each of the wireless devices 100 and 200, the control unit 120 and the communication unit 110 may be connected by wire and the control unit 120 and first units (e.g., 130 and 140) may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110. Each element, component, unit/portion, and/or module within the wireless devices 100 and 200 may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit 120 may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control unit 120 may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), a graphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory 130 may be configured by a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM)), a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof.

Hereinafter, an example of implementing FIG. 19 will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 20 shows a hand-held device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a notebook). The hand-held device may be referred to as a mobile station (MS), a user UE (UT), a Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), a Subscriber Station (SS), an Advanced Mobile Station (AMS), or a Wireless UE (WT).

Referring to FIG. 20, a hand-held device 100 may include an antenna unit 108, a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, a power supply unit 140 a, an interface unit 140 b, and an I/O unit 140 c. The antenna unit 108 may be configured as a part of the communication unit 110. Blocks 110 to 130/140 a to 140 c correspond to the blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 19, respectively.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from other wireless devices or BSs. The control unit 120 may perform various operations by controlling constituent elements of the hand-held device 100. The control unit 120 may include an Application Processor (AP). The memory unit 130 may store data/parameters/programs/code/commands needed to drive the hand-held device 100. The memory unit 130 may store input/output data/information. The power supply unit 140 a may supply power to the hand-held device 100 and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The interface unit 140 b may support connection of the hand-held device 100 to other external devices. The interface unit 140 b may include various ports (e.g., an audio I/O port and a video I/O port) for connection with external devices. The I/O unit 140 c may input or output video information/signals, audio information/signals, data, and/or information input by a user. The I/O unit 140 c may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit 140 d, a speaker, and/or a haptic module.

As an example, in the case of data communication, the I/O unit 140 c may acquire information/signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, images, or video) input by a user and the acquired information/signals may be stored in the memory unit 130. The communication unit 110 may convert the information/signals stored in the memory into radio signals and transmit the converted radio signals to other wireless devices directly or to a BS. The communication unit 110 may receive radio signals from other wireless devices or the BS and then restore the received radio signals into original information/signals. The restored information/signals may be stored in the memory unit 130 and may be output as various types (e.g., text, voice, images, video, or haptic) through the I/O unit 140 c.

FIG. 21 shows a vehicle or an autonomous vehicle, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The vehicle or autonomous vehicle may be implemented by a mobile robot, a car, a train, a manned/unmanned Aerial Vehicle (AV), a ship, etc.

Referring to FIG. 21, a vehicle or autonomous vehicle 100 may include an antenna unit 108, a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a driving unit 140 a, a power supply unit 140 b, a sensor unit 140 c, and an autonomous driving unit 140 d. The antenna unit 108 may be configured as a part of the communication unit 110. The blocks 110/130/140 a to 140 d correspond to the blocks 110/130/140 of FIG. 19, respectively.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from external devices such as other vehicles, BSs (e.g., gNBs and road side units), and servers. The control unit 120 may perform various operations by controlling elements of the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle 100. The control unit 120 may include an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The driving unit 140 a may cause the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle 100 to drive on a road. The driving unit 140 a may include an engine, a motor, a powertrain, a wheel, a brake, a steering device, etc. The power supply unit 140 b may supply power to the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle 100 and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The sensor unit 140 c may acquire a vehicle state, ambient environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit 140 c may include an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, a slope sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, a pedal position sensor, etc. The autonomous driving unit 140 d may implement technology for maintaining a lane on which a vehicle is driving, technology for automatically adjusting speed, such as adaptive cruise control, technology for autonomously driving along a determined path, technology for driving by automatically setting a path if a destination is set, and the like.

For example, the communication unit 110 may receive map data, traffic information data, etc. from an external server. The autonomous driving unit 140 d may generate an autonomous driving path and a driving plan from the obtained data. The control unit 120 may control the driving unit 140 a such that the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle 100 may move along the autonomous driving path according to the driving plan (e.g., speed/direction control). In the middle of autonomous driving, the communication unit 110 may aperiodically/periodically acquire recent traffic information data from the external server and acquire surrounding traffic information data from neighboring vehicles. In the middle of autonomous driving, the sensor unit 140 c may obtain a vehicle state and/or surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit 140 d may update the autonomous driving path and the driving plan based on the newly obtained data/information. The communication unit 110 may transfer information about a vehicle position, the autonomous driving path, and/or the driving plan to the external server. The external server may predict traffic information data using AI technology, etc., based on the information collected from vehicles or autonomous vehicles and provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicles or the autonomous vehicles.

Claims in the present description can be combined in a various way. For instance, technical features in method claims of the present description can be combined to be implemented or performed in an apparatus, and technical features in apparatus claims can be combined to be implemented or performed in a method. Further, technical features in method claim(s) and apparatus claim(s) can be combined to be implemented or performed in an apparatus. Further, technical features in method claim(s) and apparatus claim(s) can be combined to be implemented or performed in a method. 

1. A method for performing wireless communication by a first device, the method comprising: receiving, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtaining an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs; and determining, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second device as a synchronization reference.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the average RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs comprises: measuring at least one RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs, and obtaining the average RSRP value based on a filtering for the at least one RSRP value, and wherein the one or more S-SSBs are transmitted within one S-SSB transmission period, and the filtering is performed in units of a S-SSB transmission period.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the average RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs comprises: measuring a plurality of RSRP values for a plurality of representative S-SSBs among a plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within a plurality of S-SSB transmission periods; and obtaining the average RSRP value based on a filtering for the plurality of RSRP values.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein a representative S-SSB is transmitted within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods, and wherein the representative S-SSB is one S-SSB among a plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within one S-SSB transmission period.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the representative S-SSB is the one S-SSB related with a largest RSRP value or related with a smallest RSRP value, among the plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within the one S-SSB transmission period.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein a location of the representative S-SSB transmitted within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods is configured identically within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods.
 7. The method of claim 4, wherein a location of the representative S-SSB transmitted within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods is configured independently within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB in which the first device successfully detects the S-PSS and the S-SSS among the one or more S-SSBs.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB in which the first device successfully decodes the PSBCH among the one or more S-SSBs.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB, in which an RSRP value measured by the first device is equal to or greater than a threshold value, among the one or more S-SSBs.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB within a MIB transmission period in which a same MIB, as a MIB received through the PSBCH on a S-SSB in which the first device successfully detects the S-PSS and the S-SSS, is transmitted.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB within a MIB transmission period in which a same MIB, as a MIB received through the PSBCH which is successfully decoded by the first device, is transmitted.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one S-SSB is at least one S-SSB within a MIB transmission period in which a same MIB, as a MIB received through the PSBCH on the S-SSB in which the RSRP value measured by the first device is equal to or greater than a threshold value, is transmitted.
 14. A first device configured to perform wireless communication, the first device comprising: one or more memories storing instructions; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors execute the instructions to: receive, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtain an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs; and determine, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second device as a synchronization reference.
 15. An apparatus configured to control a first user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: one or more processors; and one or more memories operably connectable to the one or more processors and storing instructions, wherein the one or more processors execute the instructions to: receive, from a second UE, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtain an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs; and determine, based on the average RSRP value, whether or not to select the second UE as a synchronization reference.
 16. (canceled)
 17. The first device of claim 14, wherein obtaining the average RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs comprises: measuring at least one RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs, and obtaining the average RSRP value based on a filtering for the at least one RSRP value, and wherein the one or more S-SSBs are transmitted within one S-SSB transmission period, and the filtering is performed in units of a S-SSB transmission period.
 18. The first device of claim 14, wherein obtaining the average RSRP value for the at least one S-SSB among the one or more S-SSBs comprises: measuring a plurality of RSRP values for a plurality of representative S-SSBs among a plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within a plurality of S-SSB transmission periods; and obtaining the average RSRP value based on a filtering for the plurality of RSRP values.
 19. The first device of claim 18, wherein a representative S-SSB is transmitted within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods, and wherein the representative S-SSB is one S-SSB among a plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within one S-SSB transmission period.
 20. The first device of claim 19, wherein the representative S-SSB is the one S-SSB related with a largest RSRP value or related with a smallest RSRP value, among the plurality of S-SSBs transmitted within the one S-SSB transmission period.
 21. The first device of claim 19, wherein a location of the representative S-SSB transmitted within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods is configured identically within each of the plurality of S-SSB transmission periods. 